Gastroenteritis

Gastroenteritis—often called the "stomach flu"—is an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection. It leads to symptoms such as: vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, abdminal cramp, dehydration and muscles pain and fever.

Common Causes of Gastroenteritis

1. Viral Infections:
• Norovirus and rotavirus are the most common culprits.
• Viral gastroenteritis spreads easily, especially in close-contact settings like schools, daycares, or nursing homes.
2. Bacterial Infections:
• Common sources include Salmonella, E. coli, Campylobacter, and Shigella.
• Often linked to undercooked meat, unpasteurized dairy, or contaminated water.
3. Parasitic Infections:
• Less common, but organisms like Giardia can cause prolonged symptoms.
4. Food Poisoning:
• Often a rapid-onset illness caused by toxins produced by bacteria in spoiled food.

When to Seek Medical Attention

Most cases of gastroenteritis are self-limiting and resolve within a few days. However, medical evaluation is recommended if:

• Symptoms last longer than 3 days
• There is blood in the stool or vomit
• The patient shows signs of moderate to severe dehydration (dry mouth, no tears, sunken eyes, little or no urine)
• Fever is higher than 102°F (39°C)
• There is a known outbreak in a community or facility
• The affected person is a young child, elderly, or immunocompromised

Diagnosis

In mild cases, diagnosis is often made clinically without tests. However, stool samples may be needed to:

• Identify the exact organism (especially if symptoms are severe)
• Rule out bacterial or parasitic causes
• Guide treatment if antibiotic therapy is needed

Treatment and Management

• Hydration is Key:
  Oral rehydration solutions (ORS) are recommended, especially in children and older adults.
• Diet:
  Follow the BRAT diet (bananas, rice, applesauce, toast) and avoid dairy, caffeine, alcohol, and fatty foods until recovery.
• Medications:
• Antidiarrheals (e.g., loperamide) may be used in adults, but not recommended for children or if there is bloody diarrhea.
• Antibiotics are only prescribed if a bacterial infection is confirmed.

Preventing Gastroenteritis

• Wash hands frequently with soap and water, especially after using the bathroom or before eating
• Ensure safe food handling and proper cooking temperatures
• Avoid sharing utensils or cups
• Keep children home from school or daycare until symptoms resolve
• Rotavirus vaccination is available and recommended for infants.             

 How we can Help

Dr. Sima Stein of Sima Stein, MD, located in San Jose, California, is a board-certified physician who can help your child determine if he or she has a diarrhea and how to help them manage it. Learn more about diarrhea and the ways Dr. Stein can help you and your child manage their condition. Our team can assess underlying causes, recommend dietary changes, and provide safe, age-appropriate treatments—including anti diarrheal agents when necessary.

If you're concerned about your child’s bowel habits, we’re here to help. Call our office to schedule an evaluation. Sima Stein, MD, or request an appointment online today.